S and T Material - 1


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SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

Note: This material is developed by Ramya, a student of OnlineIAS.com. 

N.Kalyana Chakravarthy
Science :

Science is derived from a latin word Scientia.

It means the knowledge which systematically build and organises the other knowledge.

Science is a systematic enterprise that build and organizes knowledge in the form of testable explanations and predictions about the universe.


HISTORY
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Knowledge of science was known from very ancient times, 

The archaeological remains of the Indus Valley reveal knowledge of applied sciences.

Scientific techniques were used in irrigation, Metallurgy, making of fired bricks and pottery, and simple recknowing and measurement of areas and volumes.

Aryan achievements in the field of astronomy, mathamatcis and medicine. 

Chinese records indicate knowledge of a dozen books of Indian origin. 

Brahmagupta's Sidhanta as well as Charaka's and Susrata's Samhitas were translated int Arabic in the 9th or 10th centuries A.D.

In the fielf of mathematics ancient Indians made three distinct contributions, the notation system, the decimal system and the use of zero.

Regarding chemistry and metallurgy too, some progress was made in ancient times.

The Harappans developed metallurgy of copper and bronze about 2500 B.C. 

The Vedic Aryans tanned leather, fermented grains and fruits, and dyed scale production of copper, iron and steel, brass, silver and gold and their alloys.

Indian steel was highly esteemed in the ancient world and it was exported in large quantities.

The heights attained by Indians in metallurgy and engineering are brone out by the almost pure copper stature of Buddha found at Sultanganj and the famous iorn Pillar at Mehrauli (Delhi which has been able to withstand rain and weather for centuries without rusting).

Metallurgists at the Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur, have discovered that a thin layer of 'misawite', a compound of iron, oxygen and hydrogen, has protected the cast iron pillar from rust.


the Indian numeral system was popularized in the first millennium A.D. by the Arabs (the Arabic word for number is hindsah , meaning “from Hind (India)”)


The most renowed scholars of astronomy were Aryabhata and Varhamihira. 


Aryabhata formulated the rule for finding the area of a trinangle, which led to the origin of trigonometry. 


Aryabhata gave approximate value of pie. It was more accurate than that of the Greeks.


Aryabhata calculated the position of the planets according to the Babylonian method. He discovered the cause of lunar and solar eclipses. He pointed out that the sun is stationary and the earth rotates around it. The book of Aryabhata is the Aryabhatiya.

Varhimihira's well-known work is called Brihatsamhita which belongs to the sixth century A.D. Varhaihira stated that the moon rotates around the earth and the earth rotates  around the sun. 


Varahamihira's Brhat-samhita describes Vajra-lepa and Vajra-sanghata. The Ashoka Pillar is basically a sand-stone pillar coated with Vajra-Sanghata to look like a metal pillar. Mauryan caves in Bihar also have a coating that gives the surface the look of glass.

Varahamihira, in his Brhatsamhita, refers to mordants like alum and sulphate or iron for the fixing of dyes on textile fabrics. It also alludes to cosmetics, scented hair dyes, perfumes etc. 

In the field of medicine, Aurveda was the contribution of India. Seven hundred hymns in the Vedas, particularly Atharva Veda, refer to topics of Ayurveda.


India witnessed two famous scholars of the Aurveda, Susrtua and Charaka. 

In the Susrutasmhita Susruta describes methods of operating contract, stone disease and several other ailments. He mentions as many as 121 implements to be used for operations. For the treatment of disease he lays special emphasis on diet. And cleanliness. 

The portion in Susruta Samhita, which explains the preparation and use of alkalies, occupies a prominent place in Indian medical chemistry. It is said that alkalies were used to clean surgical instruments, which were used to cut the diseased parts of human body. 


Charaka wrote the Charakasamhita in the second century A.D. It is like encylopedia of Indian medicines. It describes various types of fever. Leprosy, hysteria and tuberculosis. Possibly Charaka did not know that some of these are infections. His book contains the names of a large number of plants and herbs which were to be used as medicine.

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famous scientists of the pre- and post-independence era :

Another leading scientist was Homi Jehangir Bhabha, an eminent physicist internationally recognized for his contributions to the fields of positron theory, cosmic rays, and muon physics at the University of Cambridge in Britain.

He was an Indian nuclear physicist.

In 1945, with financial assistance from the Sir Dorabji Tata Trust, Bhabha established the Tata Institute of Fundamental Research in Bombay.

After Homi J. Bhabha's death in 1966, the centre was renamed as the Bhabha Atomic Research Centre on 22 January 1967. 

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VIKRAM SARABHAI :

Vikram Ambalal Sarabhai (12 August 1919 – 30 December 1971) was an Indian scientist and innovator widely regarded as the father of India's space program.



Sir Jagadish Chandra (J.C.) Bose

Other eminent pre-independence scientists include Sir Jagadish Chandra (J.C.) Bose, a Cambridge-educated Bengali physicist who discovered the application of electromagnetic waves to wireless telegraphy in 1895 and then went on to a second notable career in biophysical research.



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C.V. Raman

Chandrasekhara Venkata (C.V.) Raman, an ardent nationalist, prolific researcher, and writer of scientific treatises on the molecular scattering of light and other subjects of quantum mechanics.

 In 1930 Raman was awarded the Nobel prize in physics for his 1928 discovery of the Raman Effect, which demonstrates that the energy of a photon can undergo partial transformation within matter.




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Science, Technology and Innovation Policy (STI) 2013


Science, Technology and Innovation Policy (STI) 2013  seeks to send a signal to the Indian scientific community, both in the private and public domain, that science, technology and innovation should focus on faster, sustainable and inclusive development of the people.

 The policy seeks to focus on both STI for people and people for STI. 

It aims to bring all the benefits of Science, Technology & Innovation to the national development and sustainable and more inclusive growth. 



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It seeks the right sizing of the gross expenditure on research and development by encouraging and incentivizing private sector participation in R & D, technology and innovation activities.


The policy also seeks to trigger an ecosystem for innovative abilities to flourish by leveraging partnerships among diverse stakeholders and by encouraging and facilitating enterprises to invest in innovations. 

It also seeks to bring in mechanisms for achieving gender parity in STI activities andgaining global competitiveness in select technological areas through international cooperation and alliances. 

The policy goal is to accelerate the pace of discovery, diffusion and delivery of science led solutions for serving the aspirational goals of India for faster, sustainable and inclusive growth.   

A Strong and viable Science, Research and Innovation system for High Technology led path for India (SRISHTI) are the goal for the STI policy.



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1958 India’s first Scientific Policy Resolution.
1983 New policy. focused on the need to attain technological competence and self reliance.
2003 This new policy wanted to
Bring science and technology together
Bring higher investment into R&D to address national problems.
2013 Yet another science-tech policy. (made by Department of Science and Technology).
2010-20 India has declared this as “decade of innovation”


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STI 2013 policy
Released in the Indian Science Congress at Kolkata.
Promoting the spread of scientific temper amongst all sections of society.
Making careers in science, research and innovation attractive enough for talented and bright minds.
Enhancing skills for applications of science among the young from all social sectors.
Establishing world class infrastructure for R&D for gaining global leadership in some select frontier areas of science

use STI for faster, sustainable and more inclusive growth
focus on both STI for people and people for STI.
To position India among the top five global scientific powers by 2020
To Encourage private sector to invest in Research and Development (R&D)
To Achieve gender parity in S&T. (meaning bring more female scientists)
Global cooperation, science diplomacy.
Seeking S&T based high risk innovation through new mechanisms.
 Creating a robust national innovation system.



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Aspirations of the Policy

Increasing accessibility, availability and affordability of innovations, especially for women, differently-abled and disadvantaged sections of society.

Raising Gross Expenditure in Research and Development (GERD) to 2% from the present 1% of the GDP in this decade by encouraging enhanced private sector contribution.

Increasing the number of Full Time Equivalent (FTE) of R&D personnel in India by at least 66% of the present strength in 5 years.
the spread of scientific temper amongst all sections of society :
We’ll try to attract talented and bright minds towards careers in science, research and innovation.
We’ll increase the number of R&D personnel by 66% in next five years.
We’ll create environment for women to enter in R&D field.
we’ll setup inter university centers, bringing together different disciplines of humanities and science together
Business
identify 10 sectors of high potential and put more resources into it for S&T.
India’s share in high tech products is around 8% globally. 
increase R&D intentsity in Service sector, small and medium scale enterprises.
The investment in S&T is risky. So, Government will share the risk with private sector, this will increase their confidence.
provide new financing mechanisms for entrepreneurs (loans at cheaper interest rate) so they can venture in R&D without the fear of failure.
create a public procurement policy that favors indigenous innovations. 
achieve synergy between R&D policy for agriculture vs. STI policy.





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TECHNOLOGY MISSION

The "Technology Mission" are the brain child of Mr. Rajiv Gandhi. 

The mission was started as an offshoot of the Seventh Plan in the fields of literacy, immunization, oilseeds, drinking water, dairy products and telecommunication. The objectives of the mission are:-
(i) Make substantial improvement in the functional literacy of the population.
(ii) Immunize all infants against six diseases and women against tetanus.
(iii) Cut down imports of edible oil.
(iv) Improve the availability and quality of drinking water in rural areas.
(v) Improve milk production and rural employment,
(vi) Extend and improve the telecommunication network especially in rural areas.
 Thus, the National Technology Missions focused on the key human needs. The advantage of working through the missions is that, they break up the process of change and delivery into manageable tasks in the form of a package programme with the aim of country.
The special objective of this mission level is also to improve the motivational of the people. 
The mission implementation takes place with the coordination of the center, the states, and the voluntary organization funded through the Planning Commission.
All the technplogical missions are funded through planning commission.

Rajiv Gandhi National drinking water mission:
The national drinking water mission popularly known as technology mission was launched in 1986.
The mission has been renamed as Rajiv gandhi national drinking water mission in 1991.
The mission is expected to take necessary actions to ensure appropriate S & T inputs to find and develop new water sources and conservation measures to solve the problems of flouride,brackishness,high iron and guineaworm in water.

2. National Mission on strategic Knowledge on climate change
3. Nano Science and technology mission group
4. Mission war : war for water. The supreme court has ordered this missions
5. National solar mission : India is a tropical country which is having the best of solar energy available. We are unable to capture the solar energy. For this cause this mission was started. This mission is called Jawaharlal Nehru National solar mission.
The people who are going to establish solar plants are given subsidies
6. Energy efficiency mission:
Most of the technologies used in our country are obselete technology. So, the energy efficiency mission is initiated.
7. Substantial Habitat mission :
Most of the habitats are slums in India. Indira awaas yojana, Rajiv awaas yojana are started as a part of this mission.
8. Sustainable agriculture mission:
The agriculture we are implementing is non-sustainable. In this mission the pest menagement,biological insecticides, crop rotation are all introduced in this mission.
9. Mission on sustainable himalayan ecosystem
10.Mission on green India 
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PAN India Sciencce and technology missions :
Working group has suggested two parallel approaches. The national challenges cannot be tackled without any nationally coordinated mission. This involves collaboration of different miinistries.
Four missions have been identified. They are :
1. National mission on affordable health care :
All the facilities available in India are very expensive. They cannot be utilised by the poor people. Doctors have become much more commercializes. Economic growth is in striking contrast with public health infrastructure.
Working group has suggested for sub missions in National mission on affordable health care In
 Diabetes 
Medical instrumentation and diagnostic tools 
affordable health care
innovative health care delivery systems
bio-materials for health cares (bio-materials are used for stitches)

2.  National mission on energy and environment
Government should ensure that sustainable energy resources. Cerain programmes are taken under this mission :
1. Clean Energy : Use of hydrogen fuel cells technology is initiated. Hydrogen is the basic fuel, but fuel cells also require oxygen. One great appeal of fuel cells is that they generate electricity with very little pollution–much of the hydrogen and oxygen used in generating electricity ultimately combine to form a harmless byproduct, namely water.
Storage and transportation techniques are the major problem.
Recently hydrogen powered vehicles are given permission. After the combustion water vapour comes out of vehicles

2.Sustainable Transportation : There is a need for government to initiate the hybrid electric cars.
3. Bio-fuel can be used in place of diesel

4. Energy efficient technologies :
An integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC) is a technology that uses a high pressure gasifier to turn coal and other carbon based fuels into pressurized gas—synthesis gas (syngas). 
Instead of using the refrigerator or cold storage use Mechanical vapour compression system . Vapour absorption technique was used
5. Hybrid approaches
Solar,thermal,bio-fuels are used for generation of electricity. These technologies can be integrated so they can be used effectively and efficiently.

3 . National mission on R&D of Water:  
The percapita availabilty of water is decreasing because of high population and due to irregular monsoons.
So supreme court has ordered war for water.
Supreme court has recommended a technical expert committe was constituted in 2009 to find the inexpensive methods to convert saline water into the fresh water.
Desalination plants are very costly, Rcently western countries have developed poly-ethylene balls which absorb the salt from water.
It iis to find the methods of harnessing and managing methods for plain water.
To find the methods for managing the flood water and waste water management.
Methods for protection and preservation of wetlands. 

4. National mission of food and nutrition :
This mission has become much more critical. Nearly 20,000 new-born babies are suffering from malnutrition.
Five sub missions were put under this food and nutrition.
1. Remunerative agriculture for small land holdings
2. More crops per drop schemes.
3.  Technologies for restoring soil health
4. Avoidance of food wastage
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SPACE PROGRAM OF INDIA
Study of space is put under the field of Astrophysics.
Indian space programme started in 1961. Indian government first gave the responsibility of space research to Department Of Atomic Energy (DAE). In 1962 Department Of Atomic Energy formed Indian national committee for space research (INCOSPAR) under Dr Vikram Sarabhai.

In 1969 INCOSPAR grow into ISRO.
ISRO is the 6th largest government agencies in the world.
1. NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administration)
2. RKA ( 
3. ESA ( European space agency)
4. CNSA ( China national space agency)
5. JAXA (Japan Aerospace Exploration agency)

In 1972 department of space and space commission was established.
Department of Space will be executing all space related programmes through ISRO
There are 4 independent associative institutions ISRO will execute the space programme.
1. NARL (National Atmospheric Research laboratory)
2. NESAC (North East Space Application Center)
3. NRSC (National Remote Sensing Center)
4. Physical Research Laboratory

ISRO has Head quarters in Banglore. It has 22 operating units in the country.
The prime motto of ISRO is “Space Technology in the Service of Human Kind”. 
ISRO deals with all the space systems, designing of space systems, communicating systems,telemetry,research,launching etc.
The establishment of space system and their utilization is coordinated with national level committees. There are 3 national level committes which are advising about the space systems.
1. Insat Coordination Committee
2. Planning committee of Natural resource management systematic
3. Advisory committee on space science

First sounding rocket launched from TERLS (Thumba Equatorial Rocket  Launching Station).
Recently TERLS was renamed as Vikram Sarabhai Space Center.
The first biggest success came for India when the first sattellite is launched Aryabhata by the Soviet Union on 19 April in 1975 from kapustinyar launching station through the ship named Cosmos.
APPLE – Ariane Passenger PayLoad Experiment.
APPLE was the first Indian communication satellite put in geo-stationary orbit.
Space programme of country is divided into four phases :
1. Demonstration of proofs of concepts and ideas by using foreign space systems.
We started the progrom to satisfy user community.
Sattelite Instruction Television experiment was launched 
The Satellite Instructional Television Experiment or SITE was an experimental satellite communications project launched in India in 1975, designed jointly by  NASA and the Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO).
 The project made available informational television programmes to rural India. 
The main objectives of the experiment were to educate the poor people of India on various issues via satellite broadcasting, and also to help India gain technical experience in the field of satellite communications.
It dealt with family welfare,agriculture,primary education etc.

2. Experimental phase
Experiments are done to produce the results and end-to-end experience.  During this phase India has built two experimental earth observation sattellites. Bhaskara I and Bhaskara II.
This has enabled India in realising its own capabiities and gained experiences.

3. Developmental Phase
In the development phase, sattelite designing and launching is done. 
4.  Operational Phase :
In this phase the technology we have is fine tuned.
India's space programme is Largest integrated program which is self learned and application driven programme.

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Space Systems :
The main objectives of Indian space programme is to 
1. enhance mass communication and education through sattelite
2. remote sensing for surveying and management of natural resources along with environmental monitoring and mettalurgical forecasting
3. development of indegeneous sattelites and launch vehicles.

Accordingly India has established two operational systems :
1. Insat ( Indian National Sattelite System)
Insat is a multipurose geostationary sattelite system.
This is for telecommunication,broadcasting and search and rescuee operation,
This is a joint venture of the department of space, department of telecommunication, Indian metallurgical department,All India radio, doordharshan.
Insat was commissioned in 1983.
This is largest domestic communication satellite system in Asia pacific region.
The overall coordination and management of Insat system is resting with secretery level Insat Coordination Committee
Insat sattelites are promoting transponders in various bands.
Transponders are the instruments which will be receiving the signals, modulating the signals and transforms back.
Bands are the portion of electromagnetic spectrum
S-band : It is the radio waves with  frequency 2 to 4 Ghz.
S-band is used by weather radar, surface-ship radar, and some communication sattelites.

C-band :  It is the electomagnetic radiation with  frequency 4 to 8 Ghz
these are used for communication sattelites, wifi devices, cordless telephones, weather radar systems

extended-c band

Ku-band spectrum :  It is the electomagnetic spectrum with 12-18GHz. These are used for vehicle speed detection.

Insat sattelite also has VHRR(very high radiation radiometer) and CCD cameras.
ISRO is a member of COSPOS-SARSAT ().
Sattelites were monitored and controlled  by the two of the master control facilities. 
One is in Assan in Banglore and other in Bhopal.
They are having a network of ground stations of ISRO in India :
1. Banglore
2. lucknow
3. Srihari Kota
4. Port Blair
5. Thiruvanantapuram


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The next ground station is present in Mauritius, Brunei, Biak.
Totally Insat has launched 75 sattelites. Out of that 10 sattelites are in operational and we 168 transponders.


2. IRS ( Indian Remote sensing sattelite system)
IRS system has a series of earth observatory sattelites.
They are providing remoting sensing services to India. 
IRS is a largest constellation of remote sensing sattelites for civilian use.
All these are placed in polar/ sun synchronous orbits.
IRS sattelites provide information regarding in different resolutions.
IRS sattelites are named based on the area of application.
The first succeesful of IRS sattelite was on March,1988. IRS-1A was successfully placed in polar orbit.
IRS is providing data to world wide countries 

The IRS system is having service centers in 5 centers
1. Banglore
2. Jodhpur
3. Kharagpur
4. Dehradun
5. Nagpur

IRS is having application centers in 20 different places
Areas in which the images given by IRS system are used :
1. Environmental Monitoring
2. Accumulation of smoke,dust and aerosols
3. Soil erosion
4. Forestry management
5. We can determine the land cover for wildlife sancturies.
6. Areas of Flood zone mapping 
7. monitor the drought condition
8. Crop acreage
9. Fisheries monitoring.
10. Use the images of surveying mining and geological application
11. used in the urban planning

Totally 20 IRS have beeen launched. Out of which 11 are in operation. SARAL was launched recently.
METSAT – METSAT is the first exclusive mettalurgical satellite.
GSAT-I,GSAT-II are geo-stationary satellites.




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LAUNCH VEHICLES
The geo-political conditions and economic condiitions compelled India to come up with the launch vehicles. India has developed several launch vehicles and made India as an Independent programme.
Prominent among them are SLV(sattlite launch vehicle), ASLV(augmented Sattelite Launch vehicle), PSLV(polar sattelite launch vehicle) and GSLV(geo synchronous sattelite launch vehicle)

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1. SLV:
First sattelite experimentsl launch vehicle was conceived in the year 1979
SLV3 is used. It was 4- staged vehicle,24.2 meter long weighing about 17610 kgs.
SLV3 is intended to launch at a height of 500 meters
First launch was a failure, Rohini 1A was failure.
The second launch was success, Rohini was launched into a desired orbit.
In all the 4 stages have used the solid propollents.
Hence SLV is called Solid fuel light launcher.

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2. ASLV
It was taken by keeping in view of long term goals.
ASLV is a 5-stage is a solid propellent launch vehicle.
Height 23.8 meters.
ASLV is intended to launch satellites of 150 kgs in lower orbit
First two launches were failure
Third and fourth launch were successful


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3. PSLV
It is designed and developed at vikram sarabhai space center, Thiruvanantapuram, Kerala
The liquid propulsion stages for 2nd and 4th stages of PSLV as well as the reaction control system are developed by Liquid Propulsion Systems Center(LPSC) also at Thiruvanantapuram

The solid propellant motors are processed by Satish Dhawan Space Center SHAR, which carries out launch operations.

The PSLV has 4 stages using solid and liquid propulsion system alternatively.

The first stage is one of the largest solid-fuel rocket boosters in the world and carries 138 tonnes of Hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene (HTPB) bound propellant

The second stage employs the Vikas Engine and carries 41.5 tonnes of liquid propellant – Unsymmetrical Di-Methyl Hydrazine(UDMH) as fuel and Nitrogen tetroxide(N2O4) as oxidizer.

The third sage uses 7 tonnes of HTPB-based solid propellant and produces maximum thrust of 324kN
The fourth and terminal stage of PSLV has a twin engine configuration using liquid propellant

Launch location : Sriharikota
different vehicles :
D1 – failure
D2 – First succeesful development flight
C2 – First succeesful commercial flight
C4- First launch to Geostationary transfer orbit
C9- World record for most sattelites, 10 sattelites launched in a single attempt.
C11- India's first mission to Moon (Chandrayaan- I)
C12- Anusat is the first satellite built by Indian University.


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GSLV :

GSLV MARK III
GSLV MK-III is conceived and designed to make ISRO fully self-reliant in launching the heavier communication satellite which weigh 4500-5000 kgs.
It would also enhance India's capability to be a competitive layer in multi-million dollar commercial launch market.
It is capable of launching polar satellite and geo-synchronous satellites.
The GSLV MK-III is a new generation launch vehicle weighing 630 tons. It is 42.4 meters long.
It is a three staged vehicle.
GSLV Mk-III is a technical successor of GSLV but it is not derived from GSLV.
The Indian Space Research Organisation has launched the first test flight of its rocket – the GSLV Mark. III – on 18/12/2014
GSLV MK-3 is a three stage vehicle.

1st stage Solid propellant
2nd stage Liquid Propellant
3rd stage Cryogenic Engine. 



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Application of space program :
1. Television :
TV coverage in India is largely expanded by the INSAT satellites. During 1983, 25.7% of total population was covered.
The number of TV channels was increased from 2 to 500.
Apart from entertainment, TV's are used for many purpose :
1. weather reports (climatical warnings)
2. broadcaster of social development programme
3. agriculture advisory services.
4. conductiing training programmes.

Television :

The growth of satellite TV has incresed many new economic activities of manufacturing
In 2008, launch of INSAT-4 series have augmented direct-to-home telivision channels.
DTH service is growing 30% per annum
More than 65% of earnings are coming from the DTH providers to ISRO
The demand from transponders and telivision beeming is increasing.
TV and cable industry has shown exponential growth rate and provide employment opprtunities to large number of people.


Education: 

Concept of beaming educational programme through satellite was demonstrated by India long back.

SITE is a largest sociological experiment conducted in the world.

In this hygine, education programme, training,health care, family planning etc are transmitted to 2,400 villages simultaneosly which spread across 6 states.

With the commissioning of INSAT sattelites in 1983, The various educational programmes came into scope.

The tele-conferencing channel on Insat system was further demonstrated the effectiveness, efficiency of tele-education


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EDUSAT was launched in 20th september,2005 launched by GSLV-F1 launcher in Satish Dhawan space center at Sriharikota.

EDUSAT was configured for audio,video medium interactive multicentric systematic
First time the operations of EDUSAT was inaugurated by Abdul Kalam by connecting 15 teacher training institutions and 50 government schools.

ISRO has setup more than 45 interactive networks covering entire country.

One of the special channel for visually challenged childre in Ahmedabad. A special network was created in education, 50 of the engineering institutions have established links with 21 top universities of USA


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TRAINING AND DEVELOPMENT COMMUNICATION CHANNEL:

TDCC is in operation since 1995.
It provides one way video and two way audio interactive education
Classrooms are located nationalwide. 
They are provided with telephones to interact with lecturers
eight extended c-band channels are used by TDCC
This is used for distance education, women and child development, panchayat raj, training.

Village Resource Center(VRC)
These are  intended to provide the space based services such as tele-education, tele-medicine, weather reports, agricultural advisory in an integrated manner at the doorstep of rural masses
At the beginning they started 3 village research center and one exper center. This expert center was in association with MS.Swaminathan research center,Chennai
At present there are 400 VRC's in India
Requirements tat are required for rural masses is covered by VRC Program
Adult education, vocational training,making of agricultural products,livestock management,health care, disaster management etc
VRC combine the information of both Insat and IRS satellites
Tele-medicine is growing at a rapid rate. Large amount of medical information is digitized and transferred through interactive audio visual media.
The medicare is inadequate to the rural people. This tele-medicine are available to rural patients at an affordable price
Doctor-patient interaction can be available through video conferencing
At present there are 400 telemedicine installations.
Application icluded are tele-patheology, tele-cardialogy,tele-surgery, home healthcare services.
Tele-medicine concept has eliminated the distance barrier.
 it has upgraded the knowledge of rural practitioners.

Satellite aided search and rescue operation :

This is provided to send distress alerts in search and rescue operations.
The emergency  radio beacons of satellite are important in this scheme.
Under this scheme two local user terminals are established at lucknow,banglore repectively
Insat-3A series search and rescue payload picks up the distress alerts.
Indian local user terminals cover coverage to large part of the Indian ocean region.
Distress messages are detected at Indian Machine control center banglore
Distress messages are then sent to the Indian coastguard and rescuee operations


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NRSC (National Remote Sensing Center)

Earlier, NRSC was an autonomous body called National Remote Sensing Agency (NRSA) under Department of Space (DOS). 
NRSC at Hyderabad has been converted into a full-fledged centres of ISRO since September 1, 2008. 
The Centre is responsible for remote sensing satellite data acquisition and processing, data dissemination, aerial remote sensing and decision support for disaster management.
NRSC has set up data reception station at Shadnagar near Hyderabad for acquiring data from Indian remote sensing satellites as well as others. 





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ANTRIX CORPORATION LIMITED

Marketing arm of ISRO for promotion and commercial exploitation of space products, technical consultancy services and transfer of technologies developed by ISRO.
Antrix Corporation Limited was incorporated as a private limited company owned by Government of India, in September 1992 as a Marketing arm of Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO)
Another major objective is to facilitate development of space related industrial capabilities in India.
 Antrix is engaged in providing Space products & services to international customers worldwide. 
Antrix, which is an INR 950 Cr. Company in 2007-08 got the "Miniratna" status by the Government of India in 2008.
Antrix is a one-stop-shop for any of the space products, ranging from supply of hardware and software including simple subsystems to a complex spacecraft, for varied applications covering communications, earth observation, scientific missions; space related service including remote sensing data series, Transponders lease service; Launch services through the operational launch vehicles (PSLV and GSLV); Mission support services; and a host of consultancy and training services are also offered by Antrix.




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IRNSS

Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System (IRNSS).
IRNSS is a GPS-like regional satellite-based navigation system being developed by India.
the navigation systems operated by the 
US-Global Positioning System (GPS), 
by the Russia- GLONASS, 
by the Europe-Galileo 
by China- Beidou Navigation Satellite System (BDS), all of which have global coverage

IRNSS will focus on the region that is, up to 1,500 km beyond India’s boundaries.
American Global positioning system has 24 orbiting satellites, a global network of ground stations. Thus GPS covers every part of the world.
ISRO Navigation Centre at Byalalu, near Bangalore. It’ll control this system.




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IRNSS is planned as a constellation of seven satellites.

3satellites These are placed over the equator
In the geostationary orbit.
They match the Earth’s rotation speed, hence remain at a fixedposition in the sky, when seen from the ground.
4 satellites
These will be working in pairs situated in two inclined geosynchronous orbits.
When observed from the ground, these satellites appear to move in the figures of ‘8’ during the course of the day.


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What are the applications of IRNSS?
The IRNSS will have terrestrial, aerial and marine navigation, disaster management, vehicle tracking and fleet management, integration with mobile phones, mapping and geodetic data capture.
Also, terrestrial navigation aid for hikers; visual and voice navigation for drivers.
But the crucial use will be for Indian armed forces, who can rely on assured positional data during hostilities.
Most modern weapon systems like guided missiles and bombs use navigation systems for targeting.



Two services IRNSS will offer two services:
Standard Positioning Service: that will be accessible to anyone
Restricted Service: Will be available only to the military and other government-authorized users.
Accuracy American GPS: 15 metersOur IRNSS: 20 meters.
Equipment The standard GPS receiver (in your smartphones and tablets) will not work with IRNSS.
You’ll need a special receiver equipment to use navigation data from



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Why is IRNSS so critical to the military?
IRNSS is a strategic requirement for the modern war-fighting. This is because, the access to any foreign government-controlled navigation satellite systems such as the American GPS or EU Galileo is never guaranteed during hostile times. This has previously been experienced by India when we relied on the GPS during the Kargil war. Thererfore, it is advisable and critical to have India’s own system in the likely area of our military operations.


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ISRO Mars Orbiter Mission (MoM) Mangalyaan:
Mars Planet: Basics
Has two moons: Phobos and Deimos
4th planet from Sun
2nd smallest planet in the Solar system after Mercury.
Diameter: ~6800 kms (Mars); Earth (~12700 kms)
Volume wise, ~8 Mars would fit inside our Earth.
One Martian day: 24 hours 37 minutes
One Martian year: 687 days
Mars is also tilted on its axis (25 degrees).
Mars gravity 1/10th of Earth.

Success FAILURES
USSR Mars orbiter (70s)
USSR: Korabl series, Mars 1969 series, Phobos Grunt


USA  / NASA
Marine series (~mid 60s)
Viking series (mid 70s)
Pathfinder (~mid 90s)
Rovers: Spirt, Opportunity (2003)
Phoenix (2007)
Curiosity (2011)
Maven (2013-14)
USA  Mariner series before mid-60s

European Space Agency (2003) Beagal lender (although images lost)
Japan’s Nozomi- failed to enter Mars orbit (1998-2003)
ISRO’s Mars Orbitor Mission (2013-14)



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ISRO’s MoM NASA’s Maven
Mars Orbitor Mission Mars Atmosphere and Volatile Evolution Mission (MAVEN)
launch vehicle=PSLV Atlas V rockets. (more powerful than PSLV)
launched on 5th Nov 2013 18th Nov 2013
reached Mars on 24th Sep 2014 Reached Mars on 21st Sep 2014.
launched from Sriharikota, Andhra launched from Cape Canaveral in Florida, US.
Rs.450 crore $671 million
~1,350 kg
Doing three studies:
Surface/geology: using camera and spectrometer.
(Particle) Environment: using MENCA
Atmosphere: using Photometer and Methane sensor Only study Martian (upper) atmosphere.
based on that data: It’ll give clues about martian climate, geologic, and geochemical conditions over time
Will find the answer: Did Mars ever had suitable environment to support life?
has five instruments/payloads has eight instrument- spectrograph, magnetometer, ion analyzer etc.
The spacecraft may also provide communications relay support for future Mars landers and rovers.



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ISRO had used PSLV XL (C25) launch vehicle to launch the Mangalyaan (Mars spacecraft). Because
At that time, GSLV tests were not successful. Last time they tried GSLV to launch GSAT-14 satellite and failed because of fuel leak. (Aug 2013)
Mangalyaan weighs ~1300 kg. PSLV can easily carry this weight.
PSLV is tried and tested technology.

 MoM/Mangalyaan: first Indian spacecraft to cross Earth’s escape velocity of 11.2 km per second.
Mangalyaan traveled for ~300 days, covering ~65 crore kilometers, and reached Martian orbit in September 2014.
Mangalyan is not the fastest spacecraft to reach Mars. Others are far ahead of It, in terms of speed. For example- European Space Agency’s Mars mission (2003) reached Mars in  ~210 days.
MoM cost 7 rupees per kms to reach Mars.

Nov 2013: MoM Launched from Sriharikota, Andhra Pradesh
Sep 2014: MoM reached Mars orbit

 To find out composition of Mar’s SAM (Surface – Atmosphere – Minerals), using five payloads/instruments:
Study Mars Payload detail
Surface 1.Color Camera
Mars Color camera.
Study surface, dust storms etc.
Take photos of Mar’s satellites: Phobos and Deimos.

Atmosphere 2.MENCA
Mars Exospheric Neutral Composition Analyzer.
To study neutral gas atoms in the Martian atmosphere.

  3.Methane Sensor
Methane Sensor for Mars (MSM).
If methane + water detected=possible that at some point of time, Mars had supported life form.

  4.Photometer
Lyman Alpha Photometer (LAP).
To Measure hydrogen and deuterium.
Deuterium = heavier than hydrogen.Water made from heavy hydrogen is heavier and hence it evaporates differently.
Knowing Hydrogen : Deuterium ratio will help  answer how did water vanish from Mars

Minerals 5.Spectrometer
Thermal Infrared Imaging spectrometer (TIS). To study mineral resources of Mars




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ISTRAC
ISRO Telemetry, Tracking & Command Network @Banglore.
Previously tracked and commanded Chandrayaan-1


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